Mexico is the auto industry darling, Canada is struggling to retain a manufacturing footprint, and the U.S. is a house divided with most of the new automotive investment and jobs headed south of the Mason-Dixon line.
The three countries are a united trading block under the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, but they’re fierce rivals in the boardrooms where auto executives decide where to invest in the latest equipment and additional jobs.
The relative fortunes of the three countries have changed over the years, but right now, and for the foreseeable future, the farther south you are located, the better.
Of the vehicles built in North America last year, Mexico produced about 1 in 5, or double the rate from 2004. WardsAuto, which tracks production data, expects the rate to increase to 1 in 4 by 2020.
“The U.S. South and Mexico are winning the battle,” said Dennis DesRosiers, president of DesRosiers Automotive Consultants near Toronto. “Over half the capacity and 80 percent to 90 percent of investment dollars are going to the U.S. South or Mexico.”
Conversely, he sees the Canadian auto industry dwindling to five automakers with a single assembly plant each over the next decade or two — or about half its current manufacturing footprint.
The UAW union is keeping a close eye on the flood of automotive investment migrating to Mexico, UAW President Dennis Williams said at the union’s bargaining convention in March. The issue is especially critical for the UAW this year as it seeks product commitments from the Detroit Three (General Motors, Ford and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) in negotiating a new contract with the Detroit Three for about 140,000 U.S. autoworkers.
Where is your car made?
The auto industry is global, but increasingly companies want to build in the region where they sell. Which means chances are your new vehicle will continue to be built in North America but may not be made in the U.S.A.
Back in 2004, 11.6 million vehicles were built in the U.S., or 74 percent of the 15.8 million industry total. Canada built 2.7 million, or 17 percent of the capacity; and Mexico contributed only 1.4 million vehicles, or 9 percent, according to WardsAuto.
In 2014, signs were evident the tide had turned.
Mexico’s production had more than doubled to 3.2 million units, or 19 percent of the 16.9 million industry total. It came at the expense of the U.S., which dipped to 11.4 million units, or 67 percent; and Canada, which was down to 2.4 million, or 14 percent.
And the trend will continue. Wards forecasts new plants will add 1.2 million units of capacity in North America by 2020 and it is not evenly split.
Building boom in Mexico
Virtually every automaker is adding capacity in Mexico, including General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Audi, BMW, Hyundai and Mazda.
The country is a “massive untapped market” that could grow by another 1 million to 2 million vehicles a year, DesRosiers said.
By 2020, Mexico is expected to build 1 in 4 vehicles in a North American industry of 18.6 million units. The U.S. will hold its own at two-thirds of the output, or 12.2 million vehicles. Canada is the big loser, down to 1.6 million vehicles and 9 percent of the output.
The domestic market continues to grow, and Mexico’s ports and its trade agreements with 45 counties have helped establish it as a strong export hub to Europe and South America as well as the rest of North America. By contrast, the U.S. has about 20 trade agreements, and Canada also has but a fraction of Mexico’s pacts.
“Mexico bested us on trade agreements,” said Sandra Pupatello, a former Canadian politician who now oversees business development for PwC Canada in Toronto as well as the Windsor-Essex Economic Development Corp. “They quietly have been negotiating trade agreements with the world.”
South gaining parity in U.S.
In the U.S., Northern states are gaining third shifts at existing plants while the South is getting investment in new plants and the thousands of jobs that come with them.
By 2019, the U.S. South will have about 5 million units of capacity, almost catching up to the North, where the Midwest is not expected to grow much beyond the more than 6 million now, said Michael Robinet, managing director of IHS Automotive Consulting.
That is astounding given the history of how the auto industry developed.
The U.S. auto industry started in Detroit more than a century ago and the predominance of General Motors, Ford and Chrysler were such that they became known as the “Big Three.”
Production was centered in the Midwest and Michigan in particular — spilling over into neighboring Canada. It wasn’t until foreign automakers decided to build in the U.S. that a new manufacturing base was established in the South. States such as Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia used incentives and a nonunionized workforce to attract automakers seeking a manufacturing toehold in the U.S.
“The U.S. will be fine, at least over the next five years,” said Stoddard. “Production will stay here, especially of larger vehicles. There will be a lot of new capacity in the South, and it is needed. The North will hum along at current levels for the next five years.”
And the global pendulum will continue to swing. The auto industry invested heavily in Canada in the 1980s, Mexico took over as the place to invest in the 1990s when it became part of NAFTA, but lost its status to China only to regain it again. Along the way, the U.S. regained favor.
UAW President Williams blames NAFTA for creating the imbalance, calling it a “terrible trade agreement in my opinion that’s flawed.”
Darling days gone in Canada
“Canada in the 1980s and ’90s was the darling low-cost region,” said Stoddard.
Canada’s auto industry was nurtured in Windsor, across the Detroit River from the Motor City, and flourished under the Auto Pact trade agreement of 1965, which removed tariffs on vehicles and parts between the two counties while guaranteeing production levels.
Automakers had to build a vehicle in Canada for every car sold. Almost every major plant investment in Canada can be traced back to the Auto Pact, exports grew substantially and autos became Canada’s largest industry with 20 assembly plants.
The Auto Pact was superseded by NAFTA in 1994, creating a trilateral trade block that added Mexico and allowed its industry to gain traction.
Today, there are 10 assembly plants left in Canada. DesRosiers said Canada has lost 2.1 million units of capacity since 1992 and that figure swells to 2.6 million next year when Oshawa, Ontario, ends some of its production.
“The three countries fluctuate,” said Batey, who said GM wants a balanced presence in each country to negate the impact of currency fluctuations and avoid shipping great distances.
“The most efficient way is to build where we sell,” Batey said. “We want to source and manufacture within the three countries.”
Fluid market brings change
The pros and cons of each country keep changing.
Everyone wanted to build in Canada until a few decades ago when Mexico emerged as the attractive low-cost region. Then Mexico lost some of its edge in 2000 because its costs were about 11 times more than China, said Peter Hall, chief economist with Export Development Canada.
But wages have been rising about 19 percent a year in China’s coastal regions while costs have remained flat in Mexico. The end result is that Mexico’s labor costs are only slightly higher than China and in some instances they approach parity.
Within North America, labor costs in northern U.S. states are close to $60 an hour; the South is closer to $40 an hour, and Mexico is less than $10. Canada is even higher, said Hall. The average Mexican will work up to 450 hours more than an American every year, earning less than a fifth of the pay, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
But labor is only one of the factors in play when automakers are deciding where to invest. They must be balanced against the productivity and product quality of a trained workforce. There are logistics such as roads, ports, rail access, crime rates, security issues and trade pacts.
Few things are black and white
It used to be simple: The U.S. had higher labor costs but quality made up for it. Canada offset some of its costs with universal health care, a weaker dollar, productivity and quality. Mexico had problems with quality and productivity, but wages were much lower.
Fast forward to today. With new entry-level wages in the U.S., union-run health care trusts and Obamacare, labor costs have come down. Canada has become a higher-cost nation. Mexico continues to mature, increasing its quality and output to meet greater demand both at home and abroad.
Ford’s Stephen Odell, head of global sales and marketing, adds a cautionary note. “Mexico has a lot of capacity going in. At some point labor rates will go up as a result.”
Honda experienced growing pains in Mexico, where it has built a new plant to build the subcompact Fit and new HR-V crossover.
“Looking back, we were probably a little more optimistic than we should have been in Mexico,” said John Mendel, Honda executive vice president of Automobile Operations. “Primarily because new plant, new site, new workforce with an average age of 22 and 60 percent don’t have driver’s licenses, new supply base, new transportation system and we expected it all to go like we had just built a new plant in Marysville (Ohio). So we were probably a little bit too optimistic.”
Mendel said there was some vandalism in the plants and during transportation, “mostly the kinds of things you could take off and sell: tires and wheels, stock, spray-painting cars, breaking glass, stealing radiators,” Mendel said.
The foray into Mexico does not diminish the production meccas Honda has established in the U.S. and Canada.
Honda is proud of its heritage in Marysville, Ohio, which continues to grow with plans to make the Acura NSX super car in Ohio, as well as additional facilities in Indiana.
In Canada, Alliston, Ontario, has been a production hub for 30 years, Mendel said. “They have taken the lead plant role for any new vehicle. It speaks to the maturity of the manufacturing process, workforce and the ability to change rapidly and do a great job.”
Toyota is restructuring its North American footprint to better align its plants with regional manufacturing costs. That means clustering higher-value larger vehicles in Northern states and Canada, said Jim Lentz, CEO of Toyota North America.
Toyota now plans to build crossovers in Canada; larger cars and SUVs in Indiana and Kentucky; pickups in Texas and Mexico; and relocate the Corolla small car from Canada to a new plant in Mexico.
KEY INVESTMENTS
Mexico
• General Motors is investing $5 billion and adding 5,600 jobs, having started in 2013 and continuing through 2018, with manufacturing hubs in Toluca, Ramos Arizpe, Silao and San Luis Potosi.
• Ford is spending $2.5 billion on new engine and transmission plants in Chihuahua and Guanajuato, in central Mexico, creating 3,800 jobs. Canada bid for the engine contract and lost.
• Toyota is spending $1 billion on a plant in Guanajuato to build the Corolla starting in 2019, creating 2,000 new jobs.
• Mazda spent about $800 million on a new plant in Salamanca to make the Mazda3, Mazda2 and Scion iA for Toyota.
• Honda spent about $1.27 billion in Celaya to make the Fit and HR-V crossover as well as transmissions.
• Volkswagen plans a $1 billion expansion and 2,000 more jobs to add a three-row Tiguan compact crossover at the Puebla plant that makes the Golf and Jetta.
• Audi is spending $1.3 billion in the state of Puebla to make the Q5 crossover.
• Chrysler is expected to expand its current operations.
• BMW is investing $1 billion and adding 1,500 jobs in San Luis Potosi in 2019. Speculation is the plant will make the 3 Series.
• Kia is building a $1-billion plant in NuevoLeon, near Monterrey, that will employ 3,000 in 2016, making the Forte and Rio small cars
• Hyundai is exploring building a plant in Mexico.
• Daimler and Nissan have a $1.4-billion joint plant in Aguascalientes to make Mercedes and Infiniti compact cars.
United States
• General Motors plans to invest $5.4 billion to update 40 U.S. plants over the next three years and has identified about $2.8 billion so far. Included are the Lansing Grand River, which gets a second shift and stamping plant to add Camaro production; investment at truck and SUV plants in Arlington, Texas, and the Fort Wayne truck plant in Roanoke, Ind., gets a $1.2 billion expansion for its full-size pickups; investment at the Arlington, Texas, plant that makes large SUVs, as well as a new paint shop for the Bowling Green Assembly Plant in Kentucky; tooling at the Fairfax Assembly Plant in Kansas City, Kan., for the 2016 Chevrolet Malibu and smaller investments at the Lansing Delta Township plant; Pontiac Metal Center and Warren Pre-Production Operations. Investment is also expected at the Flint truck plant and Arlington, Texas, truck plant.
• Lexus will build about 50,000 next-generation ES sedans in Kentucky, scheduled to start production later this year, to meet demand in North America.
• Honda continues to invest in Marysville, Ohio, including a new facility to make the Acura NSX super car.
• Ford continues to add shifts to existing plants but most are now at full capacity.
• Fiat Chrysler Automobiles is deciding whether to invest in Toledo to make the next-generation Jeep Wrangler.
• Volvo will build an assembly plant in South Carolina.
Canada
• Chrysler is spending $2 billion to retool the minivan plant in Windsor.
• General Motors will close one of three assembly lines in Oshawa next year and is moving Camaro production to Lansing, which will result in the loss of 1,000 jobs with no new product to replace it.
• Ford invested $565 million at its Oakville, Ontario, plant to make the next-generation 2015 Ford Edge and 2016 Lincoln MKX, but Windsor lost a bid to make new engines to Mexico.
• Toyota is moving Corolla production from Canada to Mexico, but there are plans to build a larger vehicle, likely a midsize sedan, in the Cambridge, Ontario, plant.
• Lexus is investing heavily in its Cambridge, Ontario, plant to make the next-generation RX crossover as well as the RX hybrid.
• Honda is spending about $700 million at its three plants in Alliston, Ontario, to build the new Honda Civic as well as the CR-V and engines.
• Jaguar Land Rover passed over Windsor for a new assembly plant.
Source: limaohio.com/
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